Background and Objectives: In recent years, new technologies have led to produce a large amount of data and in the field of biology, microarray technology has also dramatically developed. Meanwhile, the FISHER test is used to compare the control group with two or more experimental groups and also to detect the differentially expressed genes. In this study, the false discovery rate was investigated in the simultaneous FISHER and adjusted permutation HYPOTHESIS testing on microarray data. Methods: In this study, first, false discovery rate was computed through the simulation study and selection of three different modes for the samples of control group and experimental groups, then, these two methods, were applied to 8799 genes related to brain cell of the 29 rats (in three age groups of young, middle-aged, and aged), and the effect of the process of brain aging, was investigated on increased development of the Alzheimer disease. Results: The results showed that the FISHER permutation methods cannot control the false discovery rate, but the adjusted permutation method works better and detects the significant differences more accurately, therefore, the number of false positives decrease in the second method. Conclusion: Considering the results of this study, use of the customary methods such as the FISHER permutation test, which is the base of analyzing biological data in many of the software, do not have suitable efficiency in the large-scale data, including microarray data, and cannot control the false discovery rate, whereas the justified permutation method with better performance in false discovery rate leads to more reliable results.

Early watergrass (Echinochloa oryzicola (Ard) FISHER) is an aggressive specie of Echinochloa and have mimicry chareterstics of rice. In order to evaluate competitive effect of aggressive specie of Echinochloa on Rice, an experiment was conducted at the Rice Research Institute of Rasht during 2007. The experimental design was complete randomized block with three replications. The treatment included weeds density at three densities (10, 20 and 40 plant/m2) and Rice was transplanted with local normal density (20 bunch.m2 and each bunch included three plants).Result indicated that early water grass decreased grain yield, the number of panicle per plant, biologic yield and harvest index were significantly at possible area 1%. When density increased until 40 plant.m2, grain yield lossed was 70%. Loss of number seed per panicle in densities 10, 20 and 40 plant/m2 was 34, 41 and 43 present and loss of number panicle per plant of rice in competition to Echinochloa was 62, 64 and 62 present respectively. Densities of 10, 20 and 40 plant.m2 decreased average of rice height to 49, 67 and 61 present, respectively. Rice in densities 40 plant.m2 of weed had less highest and in densities 0 plant.m2 the highest.

In Economics literature many studies tried to examine whether stocks are perfect hedge against inflation. The answer is not conclusive. In this paper, using data from Tehran stock market, the relationship between inflation and stock returns during April 1991 till March 2009 is reexamined. The empirical results have shown that FISHER HYPOTHESIS, which asserts that stocks are perfect hedge against inflation, has been rejected and also it is revealed that stocks are a weak hedge against inflation in Tehran stock market. Fama has already tried to explain why FISHER HYPOTHESIS did not hold in some situations. In this paper Fama HYPOTHESIS is examined and it is found out that Fama explanation for the rejection of the FISHER HYPOTHESIS is hardly acceptable and the negative relationship between inflation and real rate of return of the stocks in Tehran stock market can be attributed to temporary part of the inflation.

FISHER information is a measure of the information inside a random variable about an unknown parameter. Mutual information shows the dependence between two variables and relative entropy shows the difference between the two probability distributions. In this paper, FISHER information is generalized for mutual information and relative entropy and the monotonicity properties of FISHER information are examined. Then concepts such as information correlation and information correlation coefficient are introduced. Finally, it is shown that Shannon differential entropy, which measures the behavior of a random variable, and conditional FISHER information are used to determine the probability of estimation error.

This paper presents a new perspective on the FISHER HYPOTHESIS, which states a positive relationship between nominal stock returns and inflation. The new approach is based on a wavelet multi scaling method that decomposes a given time series on a scale-by-scale basis. The time series of inflation and stock return are decomposed into three wavelet details and one wavelet smooth. Empirical results show that there is a positive relationship between stock returns and inflation at 2-month period and at 8-month period, while a negative relationship is shown 4-month period. Also, no significant relationship was revealed in one month time horizon.This indicates that the nominal return results are supportive of the FISHER HYPOTHESIS for risky assets in d2 and s3 of the wavelet domain, while the stock returns do not play a role as an inflation hedge at one month and four month timescales.

In this paper, we first show that Renyi distance between any member of a parametric family and its perturbations is proportional to its FISHER information. We, then, prove some relations between the Renyi distance of two distributions and the FISHER information of their exponentially twisted family of densities. Finally, we show that the partial ordering of families induced by Renyi distance is the same as that induced by FISHER information.

Iran is the original source and one of the important places for diversity of Astragalus species. Astragalus gossypinus species, which is the producer of tragacanth, belongs to papilionaceae family, is mostly spread in Asia. Alborz and Zagros heights are the most important places where the tragacantha grows in Iran. Astragalus covers around 31.3% area of Isfahan Province. The morphological and ecological aspects of Astragalus gossypinus are well investigated. In the present study, genetic characteristics of Astragalus gossypinus subpopulations are considered for further evaluation. The results of this comparative study can be used in generation and production of high quality tragacanth based on Astragalus places of growth. Thus, Astragalus gossypinus samples were collected from six sites in Isfahan Province. The whole genome was extracted by CTAB method and the extracted DNA quality was examined on electrophorus gel. A part of CNGC4 gene from different samples was amplified for further sequencing. Multi-alignment analysis of the sequences indicated a genetic similarity among Astragalus gossypinus subpopulations. Data indicated that the genotypes of subpopulations were identical. Thus, we concluded that any variation in quantity and quality of produced tragacanth was due to alteration in environment of these subpopulations.